quarta-feira, 30 de abril de 2014

Nova Teoria Sobre A Origem da Vida: Sob Analise.

Non‐enzymatic glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway‐like reactions in a plausible Archean ocean

http://msb.embopress.org/content/10/4/725

Resumo feito por um ateu na briga contra criacionistas:

 
More evidence of protobiotic life:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gHbYJfwFgOU

Ralser's team took early ocean solutions and added substances known to be starting points for modern metabolic pathways, before heating the samples to between 50 ˚C and 70 ˚C – the sort of temperatures you might have found near a hydrothermal vent – for 5 hours. Ralser then analysed the solutions to see what molecules were present.
"In the beginning we had hoped to find one reaction or two maybe, but the results were amazing," says Ralser. "We could reconstruct two metabolic pathways almost entirely."
The pathways they detected were glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway, "reactions that form the core metabolic backbone of every living cell," Ralser adds. Together these pathways produce some of the most important materials in modern cells, including ATP – the molecule cells use to drive their machinery, the sugars that form DNA and RNA, and the molecules needed to make fats and proteins.
If these metabolic pathways were occurring in the early oceans, then the first cells could have enveloped them as they developed membranes.
In all, 29 metabolism-like chemical reactions were spotted, seemingly catalysed by iron and other metals that would have been found in early ocean sediments. The metabolic pathways aren't identical to modern ones; some of the chemicals made by intermediate steps weren't detected. However, "if you compare them side by side it is the same structure and many of the same molecules are formed," Ralser says. These pathways could have been refined and improved once enzymes evolved within cells.
http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn25471-spark-of-life-metabolism-appears-in-lab-without-cells.html#.U2mZL8fHKh0

Basically, they mixed the oldest of ocean chemistries and 5 hours of heat and arrived at 29 different metabolic pathways, including the precursor of ATP/RNA/DNA.... Now, that was in 5 hours. Imagine a week, or a month or a few million years!!! And no, it isn't complete abiogenesis, but it is another nail in the coffin of mythological 'creation'....


PESQUISA:

The reaction sequences of central metabolism, glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway provide essential precursors for nucleic acids, amino acids and lipids.

Metabolismo (do grego metabolismos, μεταβολισμός, que significa "mudança", troca1 ) é o conjunto de transformações que as substâncias químicas sofrem no interior dosorganismos vivos. O termo "metabolismo celular" é usado em referência ao conjunto de todas as reacções químicas que ocorrem nas células. Estas reacções são responsáveis pelos processos de síntese e degradação dos nutrientes na célula e constituem a base da vida, permitindo o crescimento e reprodução das células, mantendo as suas estruturas e adequando respostas aos seus ambientes. ( cont.) 

Glicólise (do grego antigo "γλυκύς" (glykýs), adocicado e "λύσις" (lýsis), quebra, degradação) é a sequência metabólica composta por um conjunto de dez reações catalizadas por enzimas livres no citosol, na qual a glicose é oxidada produzindo duas moléculas de piruvato, duas moléculas de ATP e dois equivalentes reduzidos de NADH+, que serão introduzidos na cadeia respiratória ou na fermentação.1 A glicólise é uma das principais rotas para geração de ATP nas células e está presente em todos os tipos de tecidos.


A via das pentoses-fosfato, ou mais simplesmente via das pentoses, é uma via alternativa de oxidação de glicose-6-fosfato, que leva à produção de 3 compostos, a ribose-5-fosfatoCO2 e o NADPH.

 However, their evolutionary origins are not yet understood. Here, we provide evidence that their structure could have been fundamentally shaped by the general chemical environments in earth's earliest oceans. We reconstructed potential scenarios for oceans of the prebiotic Archean

Na escala de tempo geológico, o Arqueano ou Arcaiqueano (antes Arqueozoico) é o éon que está compreendido aproximadamente entre 3,85 bilhões de anos e 2,5 bilhões de anos atrás. O éon Arqueano sucede o éon Hadeano e precede o éon Proterozoico. O início do Arqueano é marcado pelas primeiras formas de vida unicelulares da Terra.


Nova Informação Sôbre Evolução da Gestação É Teste Para a Matrix/DNA

Esta informação não derruba a nossa teoria de que a passagem da fase do por-os-ovos-fora, para o desenvolvimento do aparato reprodutor foi imposto aos répteis pela herança genética astronomica. Pois isto não explica "porque" os répteis se prestaram a um sacrificio contra os mecanismos da evolução. Mas a existencia de cobras divididas entre os dois grupos pode servir para estudos na busca desta resposta. Por isso fica o artigo aqui copiado para posterior detalhada pesquisa.

Ancient snakes, lizards gave birth to live young

CBC News Posted: Dec 18, 2013 3:16 PM ET Last Updated: Dec 18, 2013 8:19 PM ET
Most snakes and lizards are known to lay eggs, but in the distant past their ancestors mainly gave birth to live young, just as humans do, a new study suggests.
An analysis of the evolutionary tree of the reptiles shows that 175 million years ago, live births were the norm among the ancestors of modern-day geckos and pythons. The results were published this week in the journalEcology Letters.
"The idea that most of the species back then were actually live-bearing is kind of a shock," said Alex Pyron, a biologist at George Washington University in Washington, D.C., in an interview with CBC's As It Happens.
However, the idea is supported by fossils of lizards from the Cretaceous period, 145.5 and 65.5 million years ago, that had embryos inside them, suggesting they gave birth to live young, said a news release announcing the discovery.
There are about 10,000 species of lizards and snakes alive today, and about 8,000 of them (80 per cent) lay eggs. The other 2,000 that give birth to live young were thought to have evolved that ability recently.
SNAKES
A baby rough-scaled python rests after emerging from its egg. About 80 per cent of the 10,000 species of snakes and lizards alive today lay eggs. (Reuters)
That's partly because evolutionary biologists have traditionally thought that it was much easier to evolve from egg-laying to live-bearing than the reverse.
"To go back, that means you would have to re-evolve the eggshell," said Pyron, the lead author of the study, while in Miami en route to Ecuador for a research trip.
In fact, he added, for a long time, most evolutionary biologists thought "complex characters" such as eggshells, legs or wings couldn't re-evolve once they were lost during the evolutionary process.
Now, there are more and more examples showing that is not the case.
Pyron said it appears giving birth to live young is related to climate. Snakes and lizards range as far north as the Arctic.
"You can imagine that up there, an egg that you lay under a rock isn't going to do that well," he said.
Typically, live births tend to evolve when snakes or lizards move to a cooler area. However, there appears to be a trade-off — live-bearing lineages tended to split into different species and go extinct more quickly.
It also appears that live-bearing lizards and snakes can switch back to egg-laying in response to changes in their environment, Pyron said.
"Our results suggest that they can switch back and forth very quickly and would be likely to do so in the future."